This was the third plague that God inflicted on Egypt after the plagues of blood and frogs, as recorded in Exodus 8. Aaron struck the dust of the earth with his staff, and it turned into gnats or lice that came upon man and beast throughout Egypt. The magicians tried to reproduce this plague with their magic arts but could not, and told Pharaoh that the plague was "the finger of God." Unlike the first two plagues that only affected the Nile River, this plague afflicted the people and livestock throughout all of Egypt. The plague demonstrated God's power over the dust of the earth itself to turn it into a pestilence. Pharaoh's heart remained hardened after this plague, refusing to let the Israelites go.

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